Patricia Bath, American Doctor and Inventor

Patricia Bath, American Doctor and Inventor Patricia Bath (born November 4, 1942) is an American doctor and inventor. Born in New York City, she was living in Los Angeles when she received her first patent, becoming the first African-American female doctor to patent a medical invention. Baths patent was for a method for removing cataract lenses using laser devices to make the procedure more accurate. Fast Facts: Patricia Bath Known For: Bath is a pioneering ophthalmologist and the first African-American woman doctor to patent a medical invention.Born: November 4, 1942 in Harlem, New YorkParents: Rupert and Gladys BathEducation: Hunter College, Howard UniversityAwards and Honors: New York Academy of Medicine  John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice, American Medical Women’s Association Hall of Fame, Hunter College Hall of Fame, Association of Black Women Physicians Lifetime Achievement AwardNotable Quote: My love of humanity and passion for helping others inspired me to become a physician. Early Life Bath was born in Harlem, New York, on November 4, 1942. Her father Rupert was a newspaper columnist and trader, and her mother Gladys was a housekeeper. Bath and her brother attended Charles Evans Hughes High School in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City. Bath was deeply interested in science and, while she was still a teenager, won a scholarship from the National Science Foundation; her research at the Harlem Hospital Center resulted in a published paper. Career Bath went on to study chemistry at Hunter College, graduating in 1964. She then moved to Washington, D.C., to complete her medical training at the Howard University College of Medicine. Bath graduated with honors in 1968 and returned to New York to complete specialty training in ophthalmology and cornea  transplant at both New York University and Columbia University. According to an interview she later completed for the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bath faced many challenges in this early part of her career: Sexism, racism, and relative poverty were the obstacles which I faced as a young girl growing up in Harlem. There were no women physicians I knew of and surgery was a male-dominated profession; no high schools existed in Harlem, a predominantly black community; additionally, blacks were excluded from numerous medical schools and medical societies; and, my family did not possess the funds to send me to medical school. At the Harlem Hospital Center, Bath focused on finding treatments for blindness and visual impairment. In 1969, she and several other doctors performed the hospitals first eye surgery. Bath used her personal experience as a medical professional to publish a paper demonstrating higher rates of blindness among African Americans. Her observations led her to develop a new field of study known as community ophthalmology; it was based on her recognition that blindness was more common among under-served populations both in the United States and around the world. Bath has supported community health initiatives aimed at reducing blindness within these communities through preventative care and other measures. Bath served on the faculty of UCLA for many years before retiring in 1993. She has lectured at many medical institutions, including the Howard University School of Medicine, and published numerous papers about her research and inventions. Cataract Laserphaco Probe Baths dedication to the treatment and prevention of blindness led her to develop the Cataract Laserphaco Probe. Patented in 1988, the probe was designed to use the power of a laser to quickly and painlessly vaporize cataracts from patients eyes, replacing the more common method of using a grinding, drill-like device to remove the afflictions. Baths device is now used around the world to treat patients with blindness. In 1977, Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (AIPB). The organization supports the training of medical professionals and the treatment of individuals with eye problems around the world. As a representative of the AIPB, Bath has participated in humanitarian missions to developing countries, where she has provided treatment to numerous individuals. One of her favorite experiences in this capacity, she says, was traveling to North Africa and treating a woman who had been blind for 30 years. The AIPB also supports preventative care, including supplying children around the world with protective eye drops, vitamin A supplements, and vaccinations for diseases that can cause blindness. Patents To date, Bath has received five separate patents for her inventions. The first two- both awarded in 1988- relate to her revolutionary cataract probe. Others include: Laser apparatus for surgery of cataractous lenses (1999): Another laser apparatus, this invention provided a way to remove cataracts by making a micro-incision and applying radiation.Pulsed ultrasound method for fragmenting/emulsifying and removing cataractous lenses (2000): This invention uses ultrasonic energy to remove cataracts.Combination ultrasound and laser method and apparatus for removing cataract lenses (2003): A synthesis of Baths two previous inventions, this one uses both ultrasonic energy and laser radiation for even more precise removal of cataracts. The invention also includes a unique optical fiber delivery system for the transmission of the ultrasonic vibrations and radiation. With these inventions, Bath was able to restore sight to people who had been blind for over 30 years. Bath also holds patents for her inventions in Japan, Canada, and Europe. Achievements and Honors In 1975, Bath became the first African-American woman surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center and the first woman to be on the faculty of the UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute. She is the founder and first president of the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Bath was elected to the Hunter College Hall of Fame in 1988 and was named a Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine in 1993. In 2018, she was awarded the New York Academy of Medicine John Stearns Medal for Distinguished Contributions in Clinical Practice. Sources Montague, Charlotte.  Women of Invention: Life-Changing Ideas by Remarkable Women. Chartwell Books, 2018.Wilson, Donald, and Jane Wilson.  The Pride of African American History: Inventors, Scientists, Physicians, Engineers: Featuring Many Outstanding African Americans and More than 1,000 African American Inventions Verified by U.S. Patent Numbers. DCW Pub. Co., 2003.

BUSINESS STRATEGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example Buyers – the buyer power is high as there are several competitors that have entered the segment. Threat of new entrants – is low because of the high capital involvement in research and development. Substitutes – as people have become health conscious, and have increased knowledge of nutrition, they would not opt for something that is low cost. Competitive rivalry - They are better positioned than the competitors to understand the trends in the world; the only company with big nutrition business and a big food business. This suggests that Nestle enjoys a comfortable position in the industry because of its high bargaining power with the suppliers, and low threats from competitors due to its investment in technology and innovation. The consumers too are less likely to migrate because of lack of availability of substitutes. The industry is attractive as most forces are weak. 3. Value chain Any person, process, product or brand that adds value to a product or service constitutes a value chain (Mascarenhas, Kesavan & Bemacchi, 2004). Adding value is the strategic means to adding value and achieving competitive advantage. The value chain model helps to analyze each individual activity and assess its contribution. In-bound logistics - they produce locally, use less packaging and produce the unit size to local needs. Operations –They use state-of-the-art machines and innovative design for their products and packaging. Roasting and grinding is also based on expert technology; overall sustainable practices. Out-bound logistics – they can reach the products to the consumers quickly in multiple forms. Where necessary they replace the tradition models of delivery through local carts or even use local kiosks for display. They also have distribution... Nestle enjoys a comfortable position in the industry because of its high bargaining power with the suppliers, and low threats from competitors due to its investment in technology and innovation. The consumers too are less likely to migrate because of lack of availability of substitutes. The industry is attractive as most forces are weak. Any person, process, product or brand that adds value to a product or service constitutes a value chain (Mascarenhas, Kesavan & Bemacchi, 2004). Adding value is the strategic means to adding value and achieving competitive advantage. The value chain model helps to analyze each individual activity and assess its contribution. Inbound logistics - they produce locally, use less packaging and produce the unit size to local needs. Operations –They use state-of-the-art machines and innovative design for their products and packaging. Roasting and grinding is also based on expert technology; overall sustainable practices. Outbound logistics – they can reach the products to the consumers quickly in multiple forms. Where necessary they replace the tradition models of delivery through local carts or even use local kiosks for display. They also have distribution channels in department stores or standalone exclusive boutiques. Marketing and sales – they do not go for volumes in sales but value or quality. Service - They offer service 24x7 and delivery takes place within 48 hours. The value chain demonstrates that Nestle attempts to maximize value in each element of the chain – be it in people, product or process.

Borjomi Mineral Water Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Borjomi Mineral Water - Research Paper Example Borjomi mineral water is a famous brand of naturally found mineral water in Central Georgia. Borjomi water is manufactured by IDS Borjomi Georgia, which is a part of the IDS Borjomi International. The carbonated mineral water is extracted from the springs of Borjomi Gorge, a resort town. Mineral water is the largest export industry of Georgia and Borjomi is the leading brand in this industry. IDS Borjomi is internationally recognized for their high-quality water products such as â€Å"Likani†, Bakuriani†, â€Å"Borjomi Springs† and â€Å"Borjomi†. The brand exports their products to more than thirty nations worldwide. IDS Borjomi is the largest mineral water manufacturing company amongst the Baltic and the CIS states. IDS Borjomi operated on the basis of four main principles. These are essential; indulging in continuous expansion, diversifying market and introduction of new products and conducting aggressive market campaigns. IDS Borjomi Georgia  is seen to conduct business on contractual as well as the corporate basis with Bottling Plant N1 and Bottling Plant N2. The company holds the license for extraction of water from the naturally existing springs of Borjomi Gorge. For doing so the company has its own extraction machines and infrastructural facilities. Broadly the company exports their products to various nations in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The Switzerland supply chain of Borjomi is managed by the IDS Group itself. The representing firm of the company in Switzerland is Mounted Martigny. The current business plan analyses the prospects of exporting Borjomi to Switzerland. The objective of the paper is to analyze the mineral water industry and target market condition existing in Switzerland so that an efficient export and distribution channel can be set up in the nation for Borjomi.

Leibniz's Conception of Substance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leibniz's Conception of Substance - Essay Example Such full understand is beyond the grasp of our finite minds, but is not beyond the grasp of God Any object in the universe is connected in some way or another. Every substance is like an entire world and like a mirror of God, or indeed of the whole world which it portrays, each one in its own fashion. Each substance reflects all the others. No substance can really cause any change in any other. What happens to be causal interaction among substances is really a "pre-established harmony" among them, reflecting the fact that God created each one with an eye to all the rest. The identity of indiscernibles - of all the harmoniously evolving substances in the universe, no two are alike in every respect. If any two were completely alike, they would be one substance rather than two. The mere possibility of these other worlds defeats the implication that whatever happens in our world is necessary. Leibniz's view rule out human freedom. God has decreed that "the will shall always seek the apparent good in certain particular respects. He, without at all necessitating our choice, determines it by that which appears most desirable". Whatever we do stems from our own will, and is done in pursuit of our vision of the good. Hence, anything we do is our own responsibility. God inclines our soul without necessitating them. Leibniz was dissatisfied with the way Descartes and Spin... To say, as Descartes did, that there are two independent substances - thought and extension - was to produce the impossible dilemma of trying to explain how those two substances interact as body and mind either in human beings or in God. Spinoza had tried to solve the dilemma by saying that there is only one substance with two knowable attributes, though and extension. But to reduce all reality to a single substance was to lose the distinction between the various elements in nature. To be sure, Spinoza spoke of the world as consisting of many modes in which the attributes of thought and expression appear. Still, Spinoza's monism was a pantheism in which God was everything and everything was [art of everything else. To Leibniz, this conception of substance was inadequate because it blurred the distinctions among God, humans, and nature each of which Leibniz wanted to keep separate. Paradoxically, Leibniz accepted Spinoza's single-substance theory and his mechanical model of the universe. However, he presented such a unique theory of this one substance that he was able to speak of the individuality of persons, the transcendence of God, and the reality of purpose and freedom in the universe. Extension versus Force. Leibniz challenged the fundamental assumption upon which both Descartes and Spinoza had built their theory of substance, namely, extension implies three-dimensional size and shape. Descartes assumed that extension refers to material substance that is extended in space and is not divisible into something more primary. Spinoza, too, considered extension as an irreducible material attribute of God and Nature. Leibniz disagreed. Observing that the bodies or things we see with our senses are divisible into

South Korea Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

South Korea Market - Assignment Example Through planning, direct or indirect ownership and control of enterprises and financial institutions, regulation of foreign exchange, and implementation of appropriate monetary and fiscal policies, the Government played a crucial role in making market adjustments and maximizing incentives. This was aimed at pursuing the fulfillment of its desired economic, social, political, and cultural objectives. However, economic success, the increase in complexity of the economy, the emergence of a more democratic and pluralistic society, and increasing international competitiveness were crucial factors in bringing about a decline in governments’ role in the South Korean economy. The reformist thrust of government economic policy, realized in the 1980s, was underlined by the renowned emphasis on the need for greater efficiency in the economy. In addition, it improved labor productivity and enhanced competitiveness in order to meet the demands of globalization. The admission of South Korea , in December 1996, to membership of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was another watershed, which heightened the importance of economic reform, which is a step away from negativity – the Asian financial crisis, which highlighted long-standing structural weaknesses in the South Korean economy (Paik 69). Demographic Information of South Korea South Korea is, in fact, regarded as one of the world’s most densely populated countries, with 440 people per square kilometer. However, most people are concentrated in the major cities (Lie 16). The principal cities in South Korea include Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Ulsan, and Incheon. In these four cities, the population density is about two-thirds of the whole population of South Korea (Caselli 129). The country’s capital city is Seoul. It covers about 12% of the total country’s area. Like the other cities, it is home to approximately 45% of the country’s population; as such, the 3r d largest and populated urban center in the world. Current statistics show that more than 50% of the immigrants are moving to the capital city. Indeed, it has been speculated that about 55% of the national population will be living in the capital city. South Korea is officially recognized as the Republic of Korea with an area of 99,268 km2. According to information published by the World Bank, the total population is 48.747 million by 2009. Figure I. Republic of South Korea (Source: U.S. Department par. 1) The official language in the region is Korean, and it is closely related to Mongolian and Japanese. Although there is a clear difference in grammar with the Chinese language, a large number of the Chinese cognates still exist in the Korean language. Modern Korean articulates to hangul—a phonetic writing system—in their writings. The country borders North Korea on its Northern part. The country is also surrounded by a mass of water encompassing the Sea of Japan and th e Yellow Sea. It is separated from Japan by the Sea of Japan (Paik 77). Korea’s ethnical group has been regarded as the most linguistically homogenous in the whole world. The region is occupied by Koreans, however, about 20,000 people of Chinese descendants occupy some parts of the country. Indeed, all Koreans have a common linguistic and cultural heritage. The South Korean political system is based on the Republican form of governance. The President is the Head of State, and the Prime Minister acts as the Head of Government. The power is shared between the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Currently, the South Korean president is Lee Myung-bak, while the Prime Minister is Han Seung-soo.

To what extent do computational models support constructivist theories Essay

To what extent do computational models support constructivist theories of development - Essay Example On the other hand, few theorists declare it the outcome of child’s interaction with his environment, from where he learns how to act, react and behave at some specific situation. Several theories have been articulated on cognitive development, and researches have been made on different aspects of development in children; four of which have most significant influence on the language skill as well as kindergarten learning process during the initial years of children. These theories include Nativist, Maturationist, Environmentalist and Constructivists ones. Since the study of personality development is an exceedingly complex phenomenon, several theories have been articulated on the question of how a personality passes through different phases of growth from childhood to adolescence, and what are the components which determine transformations in a child from premature years to maturity. In addition, theorists analyse whether the behaviour in people is a learned one or man’s behaviours are due to uncontrollable genetic impulses. Also, variation in intensity of aggression and violence among people is due to difference in their hormones. â€Å"The only influence†, Cervone views, â€Å"which parents would have on their children’s personality is a biological one. They pass their genes on to their children. According to the trait theories, parents’ interpersonal interactions with their children would exert little effect on the child’s personality development.†(2001) Various cognitive theories have bee n articulated in order to examine the role of nature vs. nurture in the development of a personality. All the cognitive schools of thoughts have different views and ideas on child development process, though constructivist theory won imperative popularity and wonderful applause more than the comparatives theories. Piaget and Vygotsky are the pioneers

My passion for wildlife biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My passion for wildlife biology - Essay Example I sat enthralled as a spider spun its web underneath our porch. I gaped in amazement when I first witnessed a foal being born in our barn. I sat for many hours pondering how our chickens managed to lay eggs and break them open. Where did those chicks come from? I once wondered aloud. During certain seasons, wolves would become the bane to the lives of livestock. I spent a number of my nights as a teenager keeping that wild creature away from our farm. I hated the sound of gunshots ringing through the night air. It did not seem right to kill a creature without knowing why it was attacking other animals. My summers were spent building birdbaths for the migratory birds passing by our farm. We often had a lot of stray animals dropping by our farm in need of sustenance. When I realized that the wolves and other wild animals were just hungry, I researched on the kinds of plant food that they might be interested in eating. I encouraged my father to then plant these very plants on our farm in order to feel the wild life and save our livestock from further harm. It was a plan that actually worked. It brought down the rate of attacks by wild life on our farm animals. It was that research and passion to preserve wild life that led me down the path of further Wild Life Biology studies. I hope that I will be given a chance to learn more about my passion at the hands of the great educators of the Sterling College Biology Department. I believe that I will make a fantastic addition to your roster of students, I just need to be given a chance to prove myself to the admissions and academic members of the